It is a measure of how easily electric charges, typically electrons, can move through a material when a voltage or potential difference is applied across it.

Conductivity is quantitatively expressed by a property known as electrical conductivity or specific conductivity. It is typically represented by the symbol σ (sigma) and is measured in units of siemens per meter (S/m) or mho per meter (℧/m).

Materials with high electrical conductivity allow electric charges to flow through them easily, while materials with low electrical conductivity impede the flow of electric charges.

Metals, such as copper, silver, and aluminum, are known for their high electrical conductivity due to their abundance of free electrons that are capable of moving freely in response to an electric field. These materials are often used in electrical wiring and conductors.

Non-metals, on the other hand, generally have lower electrical conductivity. However, there are exceptions, such as graphite, which exhibits relatively high electrical conductivity due to the presence of delocalized electrons in its structure.

The electrical conductivity of a material depends on various factors, including its atomic or molecular structure, presence of impurities, temperature, and other environmental conditions. It is an important property to consider in electrical and electronic applications, as materials with higher conductivity are more efficient in transmitting electrical signals or power while minimizing energy losses.

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